Early Jazz Essay - 1136 Words

Early History of Jazz nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jazz is a style of music that began and has been revolutionized within the United States. Jazz music first appeared in the city of New Orleans and eventually moved onto Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, and New York City. Jazz unites different elements of African, African- American, religious, brass brand, and blues style of music. The music of Jazz, and its changes through the years, is now a form of music that is known and respected throughout this nation and the world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jazz music is a blending of both black and white tradition and heritages. New Orleans was the center of many different ethnicities, such as French, Spanish, American, and African†¦show more content†¦He was later discovered here by John Stark who eventually published his first composition know as the Maple Leaf Rag. He later moved to St. Louis where he had the opportunity to perform for the next five years. Furthermore, he later left for New York, where he developed his own opera in 1911. This opera, called Treemanisha, was the first and only ragtime opera, but unfortunately, it only lasted one show. This was the falling point of his career, and he never regained the popularity he once had at the beginning of his career. In the 1970’s, Joplin and his opera was rediscovered with the revival of ragtime. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The unique art form know as Jazz, was able to thrive initially in New Orleans. The most celebrated part of New Orleans was known as Storyville because it was a melting pot for Jazz. Storyville was so celebrated because it was the only region in the city that had brothels and pubs that allowed African Americans. Unfortunately, in 1970, President Roosevelt shut down the district in fear of violence between the natives and sailors. This resulted in a dispersion of jazz. Many artists traveled directly to Chicago after the closing of Storyville to restart their music. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Therefore, Chicago’s south side became the new melting pot for jazz. On arrival in Chicago, jazz experienced a time where small performances and ensembles became moreShow MoreRelatedThe Beginning of Jazz and the Effects Early Jazz Had in the 1920s860 Words   |  4 PagesJazz could be what describes America to a â€Å"T† in the 1920s. It was very popular throughout the entire decade of the 1920s. This era was called â€Å"The Jazz Age†, which was a term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald (Campbell 52). It not only affected music, but it also contributed to an entire cultural renaissance in Harlem, brought other cultural groups together in a time of segregation, and the lifestyle of many Americans throughout the 1920s. Jazz would be the mold for everything American in the 1920sRead MoreWomen s Influence On The Early Years Of Jazz1181 Words   |  5 Pagescontributed to Jazz and left a legacy of women artists. In the early years of Jazz, it wa s considered a male professional and women who tried to be part of Jazz faced obstacles. This was from male musicians, critics, record producers, club-owners, concerts and also racism. Despite the obstacles, women forced their way to be part of Jazz and pushed for equality and visibility (â€Å"Gender Discrimination, 2014). Dolly Adams was a pianist and multi-instrumentalist in the New Orleans Jazz scene. She wasRead MoreEarly Jazz Influences On The 1965 Recording Of Feelin Good Recorded By Cy Grant Featuring Bill1830 Words   |  8 PagesIn this paper, I am going to discuss the early jazz influences on the 1965 recording of ‘Feelin’ good’, recorded by Cy Grant featuring Bill LeSage. I will also be looking at the origins of jazz music, and how this genre has shaped the music that we still listen to today. Most notably, I will be looking at jazz music from the early 20th century to the mid-20th century by discussing the different styles of jazz that were derived from certain parts of America. For each of these sections I will selectRead MoreDid Jazz Start A New Orleans Or Chicago?1451 Words   |  6 PagesDid Jazz Start in New Orleans or Chicago? It documented that New Orleans is the city that gave birth to Jazz. The deeper one dives into this there are more arguments that can claim one or the other city of its jazz origin. New Orleans traditions keep many of the early customs thriving and as a novice it would be hard to challenge this without being open minded to see what each city has own historical references. The city of New Orleans has a wide culture of all races and was a natural settingRead MoreJazz Music : Louis Armstrong1363 Words   |  6 PagesJazz became a genre of music that emerged from the influence of ragtime, blues, and brass bands. Though jazz owes its many developments to various influential figures, Louis Armstrong is the figure that stands out most prominently—forming innovative techniques that would still be followed decades later. He recorded groundbreaking records and was able to demonstrate that solo improvisation was just as fascinating as collective improvisation. Armstrong contributed to jazz in ways that set templatesRead MoreKing Of Jazz : Louis Armstrong1617 Words   |  7 Pages*20355591 Clint Rohr Jazz History 30 March. 2015 King of Jazz - Louis Armstrong At the mention jazz music, that person will first think of is likely to be a great figure with a clown image, nicknamed Satchmo. The man was Louis Armstrong. He is a husky singer, often with a trumpet in his hand. He played dramatic works of simple structure in Orleans jazz style and with the accompaniment of Dick jazz music. Each of the books on jazz music will mention his name. Louis Armstrong was to jazz music what BachRead MoreAnalysis Of Ma Rainey s Black Bottom By August Wilson1713 Words   |  7 PagesCharacters of their Music Blues and jazz music, though they both have great roots in African American history, are undeniably different forms of expressing feelings that can be played using the same instruments. In the text, Ma’ Rainey’s Black Bottom by August Wilson, there is a great conflict between one of the main characters, Levee, and the band he is to play with. His style of musical expression is Jazz, but he is playing in a blues band. Toledo and Levee are the two main characters used to conveyRead MoreComparing Bix Beiderbecke And Louis Armstrong1567 Words   |  7 Pagesmake music that revolutionized jazz, creating two separate legacies interwoven among each other in the peak of jazz popularity. Both Beiderbecke and Armstrong used their trumpets and their unique styles of playing, ranging from hot jazz to cool jazz, to fuel political, cultural, and social movements, inspiring individuals inside and outside of the jazz profession. Aside from the typical cultural, social, and political factors influencing any musician’s style, an early life filled with poverty and hardshipRead MoreOrigins Of Today s Music1546 Words   |  7 PagesToday s Music While blues and jazz are musically different, they play a similar role in the in the musical genres that is heard today. Today, music is divided into many genres such as hip-hop, easy listening, country, rock and roll or classic rock, etc. Pure blues or jazz is hardly thought of, as those two genres are not heard as often in today’s music. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the difference between blues and jazz music. Blues and jazz are musical genres, or stylesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Song Crazy Blues 1172 Words   |  5 Pagesversion was hardly successful, Mamie Smith’s version was paramount in exposing the recording industry to African Americans and their various types of music.4 â€Å"Crazy Blues† sparked the creation of a business centered on African American culture allowing jazz, blues and black pop music to flourish. As the very first blues record ever issued, this song has been recognized as a landmark and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1994.3 Both Noble Sissle and Mamie Smith had incredible impacts on the

Essay about Could the American Revolution Been Avoided

Could Have the American Revolution Been Avoided? As Benjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"No gains without pain.† This could not be more of a true statement when speaking of the American Revolution. There are so many factors that are said to have caused it, that its hard to determine what never needed to happen. Because of the French and Indian War, the British were suffering from debt. They needed the find a way out; therefore, new laws and acts were established. If the British would have treated the colonists as friends instead of their instant way out of dept, we could have never seen independence. Another reason that the American Revolution couldn’t have been avoided; because the colonists had already learned to fight, were tired of British†¦show more content†¦Even if the British accepted some ideas of the colonies and were a little more opened minded to the colonists, the war couldn’t have been avoided because the colonies wanted to become independent . They wanted to break away from the king. By this time, their patience was growing thin and the power that the king had was being abused. Lastly, we had two important people who helped the colonies colonize, which was John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. In 1761, John Adams began to think and write and act against British measures that he believed infringed on colonial liberties. Thomas Jefferson was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, although his first draft was amended after consultation with Benjamin Franklin and John Adams and changed by Congress. Jeffersons reference to the commitment of colonists to the crown was struck; also deleted was a part that censured the monarchy for striking slavery upon America. They had two powerful people fighting for the independence for the colonies. In conclusion, this is why I feel as though the American Revolution couldn’t have been avoided. The British were suffering from debt; the colonists had already learned to fig ht; and they had two important and strong leaders. If you push something hard enough, it will fight back. This is what caused the American Revolution. In my opinion, I would say it wasShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The American Revolution1638 Words   |  7 Pages During the period between the French and Indian war and the American Revolution, there were many events that eventually lead to the American Revolution. Most of these events had good intentions but in the end, they ended up causing drama and uneasiness between the colonies and the British. It can be proved that the American revolution could have been avoided. The first major event was the Proclamation of 1763. The law was passed forbidding settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. TheRead MoreThe Revolutionary War : Wim Klooster s Book Revolutions1114 Words   |  5 PagesKlooster’s book Revolutions in the Atlantic World expresses the deep roots of the revolutionary war period throughout various locations and circumstances. He strives to express the causes, effects, and the political civil war which caused the great uproar in the once colonial lands. This shift in history is noted in Klooster’s book and expanded upon in his chapter entitled â€Å"The Revolution’s Compared.† He notes the various commonalities between the American, French, Haitian, and Spanish American revolutionsRead MoreEssay on The Inevitabilty of the American Revolution1720 Words   |  7 Pagesrights of the individual then rebellion is justified (Greene, 96). Due to the development of powerful colonial cities, the end of saluta ry neglect of the colonies by Britain, and the increasing tension between Britain and the colonies, the American Revolution was inevitable. What was once considered a territory of rural communities and towns grew to states consisting of large urban cities. As the society of the states became more complex and integrated, dependence upon the parent country beganRead MoreThe American Revolution: Sowing the Seeds for the Civil War1587 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution: Sowing the Seeds for the Civil War The time of the American Revolution was the most critical period of time in all of American history. This was a period of time in which the foundation of our nation was set down: a strong foundation will lead us to greatness, a weak foundation will not. Along the path, if a part of the foundation crumbles or falls, it will take immense energy to fix it, and even if it heals, it heals with an ugly scar, a mark in our history. The mistakesRead MoreThe Causes of the American Revolution Essay903 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American Revolution was sparked by a myriad of causes. These causes in themselves could not have sparked such a massive rebellion in the nation, but as the problems of the colonies cumulated, their collective impact spilt over and the American Revolution ensued. Many say that this war could have been easily avoided and was poorly handled by both sides, British and American; but as one will see, the frame of thought of the colonists was poorly suited to accept British measures which soughtRead MoreBritish Were Responsible For Causing The American Revolution1030 Words   |  5 PagesThe British were responsible for causing the American Revolution because they put unfair limitations on the colonies. One of Great Britain’s limits on the colonies was the Proclamation of 1763. The Proclamation of 1763 states that the colonies can not expand their reign west of the Appalachian Mountain and the Indians could not move east towards the East Cost (Hakim 36). Britain was scared that as the colonies grew in population and in power, along with the Indians and French that were in the NewRead MoreThe American Revolution877 Words   |  4 Pagespeople believe the American Revolution is strictly liberal, in truth it is conservative evidenced by the new British policies, colonial reactions and the examinations of what it means to be conservative vs. liberal. The American Revolution was triggered, by many laws that were passed between 1763 and 1775 that controlled trade and taxes. This legislation caused pressure between colonists and imperial officers, who had made it clear that the British Parliament would not address American complaints relatingRead MoreThe Battle Of The Colonists By Nathaniel Bacon891 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing the slaughter of several hundred colonists by the Native Americans. Their leader, Nathaniel Bacon, claimed that he was fighting for the colonists best interests because it was his duty to protect them. Following Bacon s lead, the rebellion began attacking all Native Americans, both hostile and peaceful. Was Bacon a hero for attempting to protect the colonists, and putting a stop to the attacks from the Native Americans? Or a traitor for attacking innocent people, and trying to take JamestownRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesStates of America the American Revolution is called the American War of Independence but in Europe it is more commonly referred to as the American Revolutionary War. Though it is a minor terminological difference it impacts how a reader will view the war. Naming plays a large role in the perception of an event. With this said, one must also note that Sarson, though teaching in Britain, received his PhD at John Hopkins University in Baltimore. This would give Sarson an American viewpoint on many aspectsRead MoreDifferences Between the French and American Revolutions1362 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences in the American and French Revolutions Sometimes a revolution can take place within a country against its own current state of government, other times a revolution can take place externally to rid a country of another countrys influence. There are many components that are involved in a revolution taking place. One must consider the causes or reasons of the situation, the events that occur during the revolution and the effects or aftermath that had been created by that revolution. There were

Analysis Paintings The Heart of the Andes, The Battle of the Amazons and Barge Haulers on the Volga Essay Example For Students

Analysis Paintings The Heart of the Andes, The Battle of the Amazons and Barge Haulers on the Volga Essay It is a picturesque observation of nature. The serene seen draws your eye from the shimmering pool served by a waterfall at the center right of the mountain landscape to the snow-capped mountain appearing in the distance. Your eye is led by the darker, closer slopes that decline from right to left. Human presence consists of a hamlet and church lying in the central plain. Two people are seen before a cross. The painting displays the landscape in detail, a sweeping portrayal of nature. The presence of the cross brings to mind the peaceful coexistence of religion with nature and the landscape. Peace is notary to the feelings I get when I gaze at The Battle of the Amazons painting by Rueben. This Battle scene is an explosion within the picture space. The use the yellows and browns gives the appearance of a ferocious fight while with blurred lines gives a feeling of constant motion. The swirling colors and charging horses seem to leap off the canvas. The subject of The Battle of the Amazons is from mythology, it represents the battle between Thesiss Athenians and the women-warriors of Telemetries_ The artists intent is to portray the fierceness of battle and the passion of war. The surging movement throws opposing forces gather; men, women and horses charge into combat and the result is like a whirlwind within the picture space. The subjects are engaged in a frantic struggle for survival as they meet in the center Of a bridge. They are hurled from their horses down into the river at the base of the picture, while a horse rears, and the wounded go swirling into the background, drawn by the current Of a river. Another type of struggle is portrayed in by Lily Repine This painting represents protest and opposition of powerful youth to the passive submissiveness of the mature men around him, broken by habit, time and natural forces. In The Volta Boatmen the Volta River is spread out in the background. In the foreground of this study in realism, a gang of barge haulers tread heavily along the sandbanks. Harnessed in straps, and hauling on tow ropes, eleven men march, bending their bodies inside their yoke as they haul a large boat against the current up the river. No whole shirt can be seen on them. Their shoulders are burnt by the sun, not a single intact hat or cap; they are all in rags, Only one young man stands straight, a boy, with long, blonde hair, barefoot, and who is the centre tot haulers and the matting. His pink shirt draws your eye to the centre of the painting, While his angry glance and reproachful frame seems to rage at his condition. Water nourishes us; water is required by all living things. The Heart of the Andes is a painting about nature, in its entire splendor, with a small village. Nature and the village are each fed by a mountain stream. In The Battle of the Amazons we see opposing forces clashing in the center of a bridge that spans a river. In The Volta Boat Haulers we see water used for transportation With men struggling against the tide of a river. Each of the three paintings we are examining is connected by rivers: a mountain steam, The Thermion and the Volta. But more then Water each painting also is a portrayal of struggle. The struggle of Nature to endure over the encroachment Of man, the struggle Of women over the dominance Of the masculine over the feminine and the struggle of men over oppressive reality. The Heart of the Andes is a study of natures endeavor to persevere over man. A deeper inspection of the painting reveals exposed roots in some trees that are struggling against being washed away by the stream. .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 , .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 .postImageUrl , .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 , .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4:hover , .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4:visited , .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4:active { border:0!important; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4:active , .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4 .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf342163793399e8e24f9a837086942b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare and Contrast the Painting and the Sculpture EssayWe see men dominating veer the Amazon women and their allies in The Battle of the Amazons, Women are struggling for survival over superior male forces while we see some women begging for mercy of the men as the women struggle for survival, The Boat Haulers are struggling over the burden that elite places on us, the weight of the yoke in which we all must struggle, Some contrasts of the three works discussed are the differing colors, imagery and vividness used by each artist. In Heart of the Andes Church uses light and airy colors and paints so that every detail jumps out at you Rueben uses many dark colors and blurre d lines in Battle of the Amazons, In the Volta Boatman Repine uses bright colors and vivid crisp imagery. The differing moods and themes used by each painter in their respective pieces are that a dark mood in The Battle of the Amazons displays death prominently. In contrast, the Heart of the Andes displays death much more subtly and the mood is more serene then dark. The Volta Boatman has a subtle but positive, brighter mood displaying the hopeful youth struggling to overcome his surroundings. Painting evokes many feelings and emotions. Every painting has its own theme, mood, and meaning. Artists have their own purpose or creating their works.

Stakeholder Analysis Essay Example

Stakeholder Analysis Essay These guidelines are part of a set of five that BirdLife is using to ensure that projects at IBAs have the participation and ownership of local people, and to help design actions that achieve the linked objectives of improved local livelihoods and IBA conservation. The guidelines should be used as a linked and complementary set. The series comprises: Guidelines on Project Planning: The Logical Framework Approach, a Project Design and Analysis Tool Guidelines for Participatory Poverty Assessment at IBAs and the identification of poverty reduction indicators Guidelines on Stakeholder analysis Guidelines for Site Support Group Institutional Analysis Guidelines for basic monitoring of Important Bird Areas Feedback on the guidelines, so that they can be developed and improved, is much appreciated. Please send your comments to david. [emailprotected] org The main source for these guidelines was: Bibby, C. J and Alder, C. 2003 (eds) The conservation project manual. Cambridge, UK: BP Conservation Programme 1. How to identify the stakeholders The objectives of stakeholder identification are twofold: to get a clear understanding as to who the main stakeholders are, and to understand their values, beliefs, problems and attitudes towards the project. Stakeholder identification will also give you a good understanding as to who should be directly involved in project planning. Internal stakeholders (i. e. those included within the likely partnership for your project) are relatively easy to identify. We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholder Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholder Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholder Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer You should by now have a good idea about the objectives, strengths and weaknesses of your team and project partners, and the initial project idea should give you a sufficient insight of which specialist knowledge will be required to implement the project. External stakeholders (i. e. those likely to remain outside the project partnership but who may be affected by the project or have some other interest in its outcome) are much more difficult to identify. The first task (often overlooked) is to differentiate sufficiently between your stakeholders. It is not good enough for example merely to limit the definition of villagers around a national park to ‘local people’. There are likely to be huge differences within this group and the aim should be, as much as practical, to define homogeneous groups with similar characteristics. In its simplest form, people who know the project situation very well can simply brainstorm the list of important stakeholders and analyse their characteristics in the form of a stakeholder analysis (see below). However, more often than not, planners need to analyse the situation in the field. For simple projects, it might be sufficient to consult key informants. These are individuals who know the local situation well, such as village heads, local government officials, local teachers and religious leaders. Larger projects will often require more detailed specialist studies to fully understand the socio-economic environment of the project. Clearly, the most direct method of involving stakeholders is to involve everybody directly in the project planning. While this is feasible for some small projects, it is clearly impossible to do if large numbers of people are involved. You should therefore consult directly with every stakeholder group through formal and/or informal surveys, group discussions or similar tools of participatory approaches. True participatory planning requires special skills in team dynamics, visualisation, interview and facilitation techniques (and therefore requires specialist input). 2. Stakeholder analysis The challenge is to take the viewpoints and actions of these specific groups into account. The objectives and interests of the people, social groups or institutions participating in or affected by the project should always be ncluded in planning, through a stakeholder analysis. This step is generally done during the planning workshop, after a thorough analysis of the situation in the field. The objectives of the stakeholder analysis are: to list and characterise the major stakeholders to understand their present and potential roles and responsibilities to understand their interests, fears, problems and potentials to draw conclusi ons for the planning of the project. List of main stakeholders 1 This step is a simple collection of names of relevant groups. There are often a large number of stakeholders involved. It is therefore highly recommended to cluster stakeholders into homogeneous groups with similar characteristics, problems and interests. On the other hand, great care should be taken not to lump different groups together. Even â€Å"conservation groups† for example may not be sufficiently differentiated category each conservation organisation within such a grouping may well have its own particular perspective on an issue. Always refer back to the project idea to check whether a group is really a major stakeholder or not. This will often become an iterative process once you have put together your initial project plan and have developed a clearer focus of what it will do, you will probably have to reconsider your stakeholder analysis to identify any additional stakeholders in relation to this. Analysis of stakeholders The second step is an analysis of each stakeholder group in terms of its characteristics, impact and relation to the project. There are many different ways to do a stakeholder analysis. We recommend the planning group agrees the headings under which each group is analysed. Conventionally, these include: main characteristics such as social structure, interests (what makes them tick), impact on the present situation, fears and expectations. In many situations there may be important differences in interests, impacts etc. between men and women. Therefore if appropriate stakeholder groups should be differentiated according to gender. Recommendations, prioritisation and project design Following the above analysis, the planning group should agree a recommendation as to what the project should do to address the findings of the analysis and which priority should be given to its implementation. Results of the stakeholder analysis should be presented in a short summary of the findings. An extract of a stakeholder analysis is presented below. Some stakeholders might have negative views of the project and their positions need to be understood to work in the right direction; different stakeholders have different degrees of potential contribution and impact and might be involved in the project in different ways; representatives of all the major groups would be needed to formulate a plan that had a good chance of success. When the analysis is complete, it is essential to ensure that the proposal shows clearly how the recommendations are taken into account in the project activities and monitoring plan. 2 3. The Stakeholder Analysis Report Please prepare your stakeholder analysis report according to the following outline: 1. Method 1. 1 How was the stakeholder analysis carried out? (describe any meetings/workshops, consultation, review of documents etc. ) 1. 2 If you held a stakeholder analysis workshop, who was present? 1. 3 Which groups did these people represent? 2. Results 2. Complete a summary table (using the framework shown in Annex 1) 2. 2 Provide a more detailed description of the main stakeholders, expanding on the information in the table 3. Implications for project implementation 3. 1 How will the different stakeholders be engaged in the project? (i. e. how will you ensure that they are kept briefed about project progress, that they support the project and are involved? ) 3. 2 What will be t he role of the different stakeholders in the project? (i. e. How will they be involved – as project partners, as beneficiaries, other? Will they be directly involved in implementation, in decision-making, as part of a steering committee? ) 3. 3 Are there any stakeholders with negatives views of the project? If so, how will this situation be addressed? 3. 4 How has this stakeholder analysis influenced the project design, activities and implementation strategy? Annex 1: Partially filled in stakeholder analysis for a project aiming to conserve wetlands with high population density Stakeholder Characteristics Main interests what are their main interests or motivations? Impact on situation what impact do they currently have on the situation the project is interested in? Interests, fears, expectations what is their reaction to the project likely to be? Relation to project what is most likely position that they will adopt vis-a-vis the project? Potential impact how important or serious might consequences be for the project? (low, med, high, critical) Recommendations Priority identity of group or individuals what sort of person or organisation are they? Implications of this for the project plan Rank importance of stakeholder to project success (high, med, low) Policy makers Elected, influential, temporary Satisfy needs of people, reelection Central Govt conservation departments Central Govt development departments Some influence on policy makers and donors, under-funded Knowledge of development issues, Wide contacts, strong influence on policy makers Nature Conservation Development and poverty alleviation Support of fishers and farmers; little knowledge of conservation Limited awareness Like positive publicity, fear that project could hinder development Would like to lead, staff input Potential supporters High Keep informed, convince of benefits if in doubt High Project partner Critical Involve closely at all stages of planning and implementation High Local Govt services [fishery, etc list them, one by one] Local government Hunters from elsewhere Herders National conservation NGOs Researchers Subsistence fishers Artisanal fishers Industrial fishers 4 5 Stakeholder Analysis Essay Example Stakeholder Analysis Essay Stakeholder Analysis Name: Institution: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholder Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholder Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholder Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Abstract This paper will conduct a stakeholder analysis of all the possible stakeholders at the Democratic-Republican National Convention. It will use the nine-step approach, in the analysis. This approach is comprehensive in identifying the stakeholders, the level of interest they hold, and their consequent priorities. It also identifies the stakeholders’ concerns, and possible claims they may make to the organization. In addition, this approach enables the organization to take a realistic look at its abilities to perform its duty, by conducting a SWOT analysis, and determining its strategies and policies. The approach requires that one provide the necessary recommendations, based on his or her findings. Stakeholder Analysis Part 1 Describe and define your organization The organization that I am conducting the stakeholder analysis is Democratic-Republican National Convention. It is a non-profit organization. As Miami-Dade Police Department, our job and our top concern is to ensure that all citizens and delegates are secure and protected. The current mission of the police department during the convention is to ensure that all the protestors, activists, and any other people who may have ill intentions do not disrupt the convention or cause any harm to anybody. Identify the key stakeholders The key stakeholders include the delegates, visitors to the convention, police officers and other law enforcement agencies such as secret service agents and officers from the department of homeland security, the mayor and other local government officials, hospitals, the city’s correctional facilities, journalists and other media personnel, protestors, activists, motorists, and the city residents. There are both internal and external stakeholders. The internal stakeholders are the mayor, delegates, visitors to the convention, and other local government officials. The external stakeholders are the journalists and other media personnel, activists, protestors, motorists, and the city residents. The stakeholders can be claimants or influencers. Identify the stakeholders’ interests and concerns The stakeholders are interested in ensuring the success of the convention. They expect the convention to proceed as smoothly as possible, with minimal interference. These interests are somewhat similar to the interests of the police department, but the department is more concerned with ensuring the safety of all the people, rather than in ensuring that the proceedings of the conventions go smoothly. The concerns that are of utmost importance to the organization are security matters. The department wants to enhance the security and minimize all possible threats. The stakeholders concerns regarding the proceedings of the convention are not pertinent to the organization since they are political in nature Identify the claims that stakeholders are likely to make on the organization The stakeholders are more likely to claim that the organization provides enough security for the delegates and visitors in the convention. Their claims are legitimate because this is the initial role and responsibility of the organization. The organization will be at the forefront in ensuring that it meets these claims. Failure to do so would reflect irresponsibility and incompetence on the part of the organization. It would lessen the chances of success of the convention, and it would enhance security threats on all the people. There is also a high chance that the demonstrations from the protestors would lead to increased violence. If I do consider these claims, I will ensure that the convention is successful and that the people support other conventions in the city in the future. Identify the stakeholders that are most important to your organization All the stakeholders are pertinent to my organization, since I have to ensure that they are all protected and secure. Failure to protect any of the stakeholder, whether internal or external, would reflect badly on the organization Conduct a SWOT analysis of your organization One of the strengths of my organization is that it has enough resources, which include personnel, equipment, and the necessary tools, to handle any problem that might arise. The people at my organization have the willingness, ability, and the qualifications needed, and I do not foresee any problems in that end. One possible weakness is that my organization does not have prior experience dealing with such an event. It has not dealt with an event of such magnitude previously. The organization can exploit several opportunities. For instance, it can take advantage of the numerous security personnel that will be present during the occasion. It can learn valuable security lessons from the federal security agents. The other opportunity that the organization can exploit is to request for more security funds for the organization. The organizers of the conference can add increased funds towards ensuring the success of the convention. The possible threat facing my organization is the likelihood of a terror attack occurring. I foresee this as the major threat. Other threats include the possibility of dealing with violent protestors Determine organizational strategy The organization will use the strengths it has to ensure that it provides the topmost security to the delegates and other stakeholders. Since lack of experience is the principal weakness facing the organization, the organization will request for services from other security personnel in another state, who has had prior experience organizing the security details at such events. It will request these services some time before the convention begins, to allow enough time for the officers to train. The organization will conduct a campaign several weeks before the convention, whose main purpose will be to inform all the people of the expected behavior, and the consequences they will face if they fail to adhere to the rules. In case any of the threat occurs, the organization has informed all the institutions dealing with emergency cases, such as hospitals, to be ready for any eventualities Determine organizational policy Maximum attainment of peace during the convention Recommend specific action The organization’s education campaigns will ensure that everyone know of their roles and responsibilities during the convention. It will mobilize all the security personnel from within, and outside the city. It will enlist the services of other personnel who have had prior experience in managing the security detail at the convention. Part 2 Student sample paper 1- Renita Harris I like the way she has written the abstract, explaining the paper’s contents. I also like the way she has organized the paper, since this makes it easy to follow. She has been able to identify the possible stakeholders during the convention. Her organization’s SWOT analysis has considered all possibilities. However, I feel that she could have done more to ensure that she deals with the weakness facing the organization. I also noticed that she has used sexist language in her paper, that is the use of the word ‘man power’, which eliminates the possibility of female security personnel. Student sample paper 2- Patricia Jefferson-Shaw The use of numbers and bulleted points makes the paper easy to follow and understand. She has identified specific stakeholders, and I like her inclusion of the fire department, which will help in case of any emergencies. I agree with most of what she has written. However, she has failed to show how the stakeholders’ interests and concerns are different from those of the organization. I do not agree with her as concerns the lack of importance of some of the external stakeholders, since the organization is supposed to ensure the security of everyone present. Student sample paper 3- Deborah S. Smith I like her use of the key stakeholders’ map, which simplifies the identification of all personnel in the organization. She has included a lot of information, beginning with the organization’s role and mission. This makes the reader feel that she is part of the organization and that she understands her role well. I feel that her work would have been easy to follow had she included some headlines to show the different sections.

Winslow Homers Breezing Up (A Fair Wind) essays

Winslow Homers Breezing Up (A Fair Wind) essays Winslow Homers Breezing Up (A Fair Wind) Winslow Homers Breezing Up, located on the West Main Floor in Gallery 68 of the National Gallery of Arts, perfectly captures the beauty and splendor of nature and innocence. The painting, which was completed after three years of work in 1876, is displayed among the works of other oil painters including additional works by American and naturalist painter Winslow Homer. In this painting, Winslow Homer depicts a man with three boys in a small wooden sail boat that is riding along the choppy waters. At the center of this painting is the stern or rear of the boat. The oldest of the boys is sitting on the far end of the stern with his knees up and his bare feet planted firmly on the deck. Although the subject is directly in front of the viewer, Homer uses a slightly diagonal linear perspective that goes from the rear of the boat to the right and distant horizon. It is this boy, not the man, who is steering the boat almost effortlessly with one hand on the line. His face is turned slightly away from the viewer, yet Homer adds so much detail using line and color to accentuate the boys chin, left cheek and eye. Throughout the artwork, Homers use of lines is only hinted at by the detailed contours of the figures and boats themselves. These detailed features stand out greatly against the thick layers of puffy clouds, painted with thick and loose brush strokes, which linger over the water. The use of expressive lines is also hinted at in Homers ability to recreate curves just as they would appear in nature, such as the shape and form of the rolling waves in the sea and the clouds hovering overhead in the sky. Winslow Homer also uses the technique of line of sight, in which lines are created from the two boys on the left and their father looking to the sail while the boy steering the boat is looking towards the shoreline, their destination. Implied lines may also be app...

Attracting Students to NOVA Southeastern University - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Attracting Students to NOVA Southeastern University - Smart Custom Writing Human Resource Management 2The successful activity of any organization directly depends on the ability to control and manage the talents of the staff that can be helpful some innovative ideas, perspectives and consideration for the improvement of the working process. The problems and challenges that can appear in the working environment may be turned into strategic assets of the organization and used for he company’s prosperity.   Due to different talents and different cultural backgrounds, diverse genders, ages and completely different lifestyles, the company can have more business opportunities, work more quickly and creatively and achieve the desirable goals as quickly as possible. If the environment of the organization does not maintain diversity broadly, there is a high risk to lose talent to competitors. Mathis and Jackson (2010, p.34) assert that many companies are afraid of this very situation. Human resources department is one of the main departments in any structure or organization. The HR is responsible for such tasks as hiring (recruitment), compensation, evaluation and management, promotions, managing relations, planning and payroll. The objective of human resources department is to maximize the coming investment from the organization's human capital and, on the same time, reduce the financial risk to the minimal limits. According to the vital role that human resources department play, there are some challenges such as managing knowledge workers, managing technological challenges, competence of HR managers, competence of HR managers and managing change. Obviously, it is not a complete list or duties and responsibilities of the human research department and managers. One of the main aims of HR department is to organize the work of the staff properly and guarantee excellent and due performance of the work. In this case, one of the most widely spread management tools is the performance appraisal. The question of the using of this management technique is rather controversial as it has both, positive and negative effects on the personnel. The appraisal of genuine performance is a process that is able to alleviate a lot of dysfunctions of conventional systems of the performance appraisal as well as produce a more humane and moral human resource management process of making decisions. Performance of the appraisal critics demonstrates a great number of convincing arguments against its use. Armstrong and Mitchell (2008, p.56) state that there are many cases when this system resulted in different problems.   The major critiques are that person performance appraisal supposes a false level of measurement correctness, produces conflict and competition of   dysfunctional employee, allocates an excessive amount of liability for bad performance to employees while undervaluing the general working process, underemphasizes the significance of work group. One more problem that may arise from the usage of critics of performance appraisal is a conflict between appraised and appraiser. In this case, everything depends upon the personality of both. Obviously, the appraiser should keep in mind some personal features of the employee and take into account the probable behavior of the person. In this case the psychological skills of the manager play very important role, as apprais al should be presented in a correct manner whatever it may be, positive or negative.   Very often, the incorrect manner of presenting the appraisal can lead to the dysfunction of the employee performance and worse results of work. The appraisal should be presented in such a manner to evoke the employee desire to improve the way of work. The staff should feel its necessity whatever appraisal might be in order not to lose the desire to work more efficiently. Very often, many managers carry out the performance appraisals rather poorly. As a result, they face up not only the unpleasant meetings, but also those where the manager and the representatives of the staff never quite comprehend each other, never quite value the other's viewpoint, and never quite settle the suitable goals that are necessary to achieve within the year. Unfortunately, it is practically inevitable the member of the staff will be less happy and less productive after conversation. It proves once again that the crit ical appraisal of the work should be done properly and very carefully in order to avoid misunderstanding and decrease of the productiveness. While making the appraisal of the work of the staff, managers make one common mistake that can lead to frustration, misunderstanding and biased attitude in the team. While making the appraisal it is important to remember that it should be performed along with the employee, as only free eye-to-eye conversation can lead to the positive results. Otherwise, the employee can have the biased attitude form his or her colleagues and lose the desire to work productively. This is a kind of result that should be avoided in any case. In the book by Pynes (2009, p.67) there is a statement that critical appraisal of the performance has its positive effects and intentions. For instance, it can help in developing leadership skills by means of encouraging staff to work more effectively. Developing leadership is also very important, although it seems it is given less attention and development as it should be at all levels of the organization. Despite the fact that leadership is discussed on origin of personality and certain behaviors at an organizational level, which is more based on knowledge, the challenge is to improve employees who have performance based on their past records and knowledge into business leaders by imparting them with the necessary â€Å"software skills†. In any case, any kind of appraisal, positive or negative, can have good and bad results. Everything depends upon the manner of presenting it to the employee. Therefore, critical appraisal is not so scare and bad as it may seem although it ma y lead to positive changes within the tem and improve the performance of work. Reference List Armstrong, S. and Mitchell, B. (2008) The Essential HR Handbook: A Quick and Handy Resource for Any Manager or HR Professional , Sydney: Career Press.Mathis, R.L and Jackson J. (2010) Human Resource Management, Boston: South-Western College PubPynes, J. (2009) Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations: A Strategic Approach (Essential Texts for Nonprofit and Public Leadership and Management, New York: Jossey-Bass

Discuss Mark Twain's portrayal of women in Adventures of Huckleberry Essay

Discuss Mark Twain's portrayal of women in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - Essay Example While most of the characters represent various members of the male society, there are a significant number of women who play an essential role within the novel. For Twain, there seems to be basically three types of women – the harridan, the sweetly stereotypical Victorian housewife and the intelligent. These types are portrayed within the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn through the characters of Miss Watson as the spinsterly old maid, the older Wilks sisters as the properly trained young ladies and the intelligent Mrs. Judith Loftus and Joann Wilks comprising the final set. In the very opening of the book, Twain introduces us to the two most common type of women, the Widow Douglas and her sister Miss Watson. The image we get of Miss Watson is rather grim. She is â€Å"a tolerable slim old maid, with goggles on† who immediately â€Å"took a set at me now with a spelling-book. She worked me middling hard for about an hour, and then the widow made her ease up† (3). While the Widow Douglas is seen as interfering in that she insists on trying to ‘sivilise’ Huck, Miss Watson is nagging in her criticisms. â€Å"Miss Watson would say, ‘Don’t put your feet up there, Huckleberry;’ and ‘Don’t scrunch up like that, Huckleberry – set up straight;’ and pretty soon she would say, ‘Don’t gap and stretch like that, Huckleberry – why don’t you try to behave?’† (4). She is such an unpleasant woman to be around that Huck decides he’d rather go to †˜the bad place’ rather than the good place where Miss Watson has announced she will go. This depiction of her makes it not so surprising that she is an old maid rather than a widow. In contrast to Miss Watson, her sister the Widow Douglas is an older version of the types of girls that Huck meets while on his adventures. The Wilks sisters have been bred to be so

Marketing Research on Selected Two Major Competing Brands Essay

Marketing Research on Selected Two Major Competing Brands - Essay Example As the paper stresses the marketing case study analysis of the Google Inc presented by Abt had demonstrated the marketing programs of Google precisely. Taking insights from his work, the most important facet of Google’s marketing program is that it aims to make its applications and products accepted by all the market segments. Another important aspect of Google is that it allows both private and non-profit organization to use this search engine at absolutely free of cost. It is of no surprise to mention that Google works on the marketing motto that information gathering is a phenomenon of individuals, non-profit organizations and small and large businesses. This discussion declares that the external environment of Google is dynamic in nature and thus also provides opportunities and threats to the search engine. Google is on high demand and to remain competitive in this dynamic environment, it needs to predict the changes and accordingly adapt systems, cultures, strategies and also the process of alignment with the changes. In this respect, Google until now has undertaken several changes like that of the decision taken by Larry Page to step down from the role of Vice President and make Eric Schmidt the front man for Google (CEO). This indicates that Google follows dynamic strategies within its internal environment to cope up with the ever changing external environment. Google holds the top most position in the web and this position allows it to control any of the growth areas. Google has been so far applying marketing penetration strategies in the web industry for remaining on top. Free exposure and free benchmarking are some of the stra tegies that have been helping Google over the years. They always keep themselves aware of the competitive positioning and this trait of the company helps in achieving the competitive advantage over other competitors. The strongest element of Google’s marketing mix is their ‘universal search product’. This element always allows Google to either vote for or against any form of information and it is believed that this product type of Google is the ultimate generator of its

Clark International Airport Corporation Essay Example for Free

Clark International Airport Corporation Essay Abandoning the largest U.S. Air Force Base outside of the continental United States back in 1991 was not an easy task for America. Given the countless industrial/commercial buildings, residential quarters, officers homes, manicured golf courses, road network, two, huge 3.2-kilometer parallel runways capable of landing the space shuttle and over 100 years of U.S. occupation, it quite-possibly would have been easier to pull all the teeth of the resident Generals on-base than to abandon all that Clark Air Base had become to the U. S. Military. This decision to evacuate was not made unilaterally though. Mt Pinatubo had a say in the matter spewing a thick blanket of ash throughout the base. The Philippine Senate also had its input regarding the 100 year U.S. occupation, and, during September 1991, convinced America to turn its back on billions of dollars of infrastructure when they rejected the ratification of the RP-US Military Bases Agreement. Numerous reasons were given for the rejection of this treaty. This was a destructive blow to the Aquino administration, which was very-strongly in favor of maintaining the treaty and the presence of the U.S. Military with its economic benefit to the country. She even called for a referendum by the Filipino people that was later determined as unconstitutional. Several years later, the former US Air Force Military Airlift Wing is now experiencing some major and exciting transformational processes, all without the presence or assistance of a super power. Since 1996, as a subsidiary of the Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA), the runways, airport buildings, infrastructure and surrounding areas of this former military installation is managed by and in the capable-hands of the Clark International Airport Corporation (CIAC). From the beginning of the transformation, CIAC has provided the organizational and management arm for the daunting job of transforming a former military airfield into a world-class international airport and logistics hub. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, in recognition of her father and former president of the Philippines, renamed the facility, Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (DMIA). Today it stands in honor to her father’s past administration and as a bright hope to current and future generations as a newly revitalized Philippine gateway, providing sustained commercial, industrial and tourism growth in the face of a new world economy. From humble beginnings in 2003 of only 7,880 international passengers, to over half a million passengers making their way through DMIA in 2007, this airport is an overwhelming success story in all of Asian airport history. As the long-term plans for this facility to be the premier gateway of the Philippines progress, projected estimates range from 20 million to 40 million passengers passing-through the new DMIA annually at fruition of the project. On October 29, 2003, Asiana Airlines had the honor to be the first airline to established international flights in and out of Clark. These flights brought tourists and businessmen to and from Incheon, South Korea. This initiated a new wave of international flights that has blossomed-forth ever since. Some of the international destinations currently being serviced from DMIA include Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, Macau, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Seoul Korea. Cebu, Caticlan are the current domestic travel offerings at Clark Airport. South Korean tourists began to discover the Philippines, and specifically, Clark and Subic Bay in ever-growing numbers. In fact, according to the Philippine Department of Tourism (DOT), today they constitute the leading group of tourist by nationality in the Philippines. According to the DOT, the number of business and pleasure travelers is on the rise in the Philippines with South Korean leading the pack. For the entire country in 2006, South Korea lead the arrival numbers reaching 572,133 while the U.S. was second with 567,355 and then Japan with 421,808. For the following year, 2007, South Korea once again lead the arrival numbers reaching 653,310, a 14.2% increase, while the U.S. was second with 578,983, a 2% increase and Japan with 395,012, a 6.4% decrease. The fastest growing arrivals percentage-wise between 2006 and 2007 were from China and Malaysia. These countries posted arrival increases of 18.0% and 23.3% respectively. Chinas arrivals in the Philippines in 2007 were at 157,601 while Malaysia’s were 65,695. Growth is one thing, but maintaining quality and performance in the face of tremendous growth is an accomplishment worth taking note. Two consecutive world-class awards from two different organizations speak volumes of an organization’s efforts. In 2006 DMIA was awarded the â€Å"Low Cost Airport of the Year award from the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA). Then, in 2007, DMIA was awarded the prestigious â€Å"Airport of the Year† award by Frost and Sullivan, at the Asia Pacific Aerospace and Defense Awards Banquet in Singapore. Formulated in 1961, Frost and Sullivan maintain over 26 offices worldwide, and is a major, respected global research company. The company fields a staff of over 1,500 employees, with job titles ranging from economists, market researchers and technology analysts. These analysts and researchers are focused on the industries of aerospace, defense, energy, transportation, environmental-issues, technology, chemicals, food, power systems and more. It looks like CIAC is entirely-focused and performing above and beyond the call of duty in their determination to witness the realization of DMIA becoming the premier gateway of the Philippines. Exciting plans abound for the long-term prospectus of the Clark Freeport and DMIA. After 15 years of conflict and negotiations with the indigenous Aeta people of the region, CDC has acquired 10,000 hectares of new expansion land area. CDC now has a total of almost 28,000 hectares of contiguous, raw land to work with and put to productive use over the next couple of decades. The Clark governing body has designating a new, modern, 21st Century city to be built from scratch in the combined areas comprising existing and new land acquisitions in and around the Clark Freeport. Aeropolis is the named assigned this modern, Aviation-focused, master-planned, multi-use mega-city/mega-region. CDC already has in a master-plan set-aside for Aeropolis comprised of 4,400 hectare main-zone and a 27,600 hectare sub-zone centered on an aviation-driven urban center that will be ideally suitable to high-end IT, airport-industries, logistics-related enterprises, agro-industries and tourism. This type of long-term, far-sighted planning translates to exponential airport-related arrivals/departures and the ongoing future success of the Clark Airport as a major player in the world economy for many decades to come. Departure Procedure Step 1 Entry Check * Here is where a pax join the first queue the airport entrance queue. * Before a pax can enter the building they must show both of their passport and airline ticket, so they must have them ready. * Now is a good time to remove metal objects from their pockets or purse and place them in their hand carried luggage that will be x-rayed. These items include watches, pens, cell phones, and coins anything that will trigger the metal detector. Doing this early will save delays later. * Once they have shown their passport and ticket they will have to place their entire luggage on the x-ray conveyor belt before walking through the metal detector. Step 2 Airline Check-in * If all goes well they can collect their luggage and proceed to their airline check-in counter. * They should expect huge queues so they must get there early. * While waiting in the check-in queue they must prepared to have their baggage sniff tested for explosives. * After checking in and getting their boarding pass they can now proceed to the departure area but their queuing is not yet over. Step 3 Pay Departure Tax/ Terminal Fee * Before entering the departure area they must show their passport and boarding pass. Once cleared they can now go to the counter where they will pay their departure tax and terminal fee. This terminal fee is currently 150 pesos for domestic and 450 pesos for international per passenger. * At the counter they must give the counter operator their boarding pass and the money. She will return their boarding pass along with a receipt. Step 4 Immigration Clearance * The next step is Immigration Clearance. They must present their passport and boarding pass. Step 5 Security Check * The next queue is at the security check. Once again pax must make sure to have taken all metal objects out of their pockets or purse. They can either place those in their hand carry bag or in a plastic tray that the security people will provide. * Make sure they adhere to the currency export limits for both Philippine pesos and foreign currencies. * After they have gone through the metal detector they can collect their bags and the tray with their personal effects, and then they can proceed into the departure area. Step 6 Departure Gate Check * If they think they have stood in the last queue they may be disappointed. Depending on their airline there may be one more security check. This will be as they enter the departure gate area. This check is just a routine and quick check of they and their hand carried bag. Step 7 Passport Boarding Check * Again, depending on the airline, they may have to show both their boarding card and their passport as they board the aircraft. If so, they must be ready and have their passport open at the photo page. Arrival Procedure Step 1 – Quarantine/ Immigration Procedures * Pax must have their passport ready to complete quarantine and immigration procedures. Foreign travelers will need to fill out an arrival card. Step 2 – Baggage Claim * They must check the information board for the name of their airline and flight no. and collect their baggage from the appropriate carousel. If they cannot find their baggage, they must show their baggage claim tag to the airline service representative and ask for assistance. Step 3 – Customs Inspection * Pax must take their baggage and proceed to Customs Inspection. If they have items to declare complete the necessary procedures at the appropriate counter. Step 4 – To the Arrivals Lobby / Meet Greet * They will proceed to the arrivals lobby which is the convenient place to meet friends and families. My 50 Days of Experience I have learned a lot in my 50 days of experience at the Diosdado Macapagal International Airport especially with the Airport Operation Department staff. I don’t even knew the existence of the airport operation before. But now after being a part of this department just even for a while I have realized the importance and the role of it. Airport Operation Department has a big role in running an airport. It is like the main ingredient in a recipe and the heart of a body system. Without it an airport cannot be called an airport terminal because they are the one who keep safety and security excellence as the first priority, they develop a better airport for the future by taking advantage of emerging market opportunities, they operate an efficient airport dedicated to exceptional customer service, they broaden and increase the airport’s revenue base to ensure on-going viability, and they maintain strong relationships with â€Å"neighbors†, communities, and industries. Being a part of it is not really easy because it is too broad. But thanks to our leaders who made us understand our role and made us feel that we are really a part of the Airport Operation Department even though we are just OJTs.

Letter to President Coolidge :: essays research papers

President Coolidge:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although some people believe that we, as a country, don’t have enough room for all these hard working immigrants, there comes a time when we need to realize the real basis of this country. We are all immigrants, in our own way, some of us may have been born here, but we do not all come from here. We all have ancestors that come from somewhere in Europe, or somewhere else. No one is a natural citizen except perhaps the Native Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To not grant someone entrance into our great nation is not only unethical, and immoral, but also unconstitutional. Everyone deserves his or her fair chance. The real questions when talking about the Immigration Act is, do we take the risk, do we let these people into our country and let them become free, or do we just shoot them down and tell them that they have to live there lives with religious persecution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we do not let theses people in the America, the great nation, than we are in a way not letting people become free. We are preventing people from living the lives they want to live. Most of all we are feeding communism, and foreign army’s with people that want to live in the Americas but we wont let them. Think of all the people that would come and live in America, the United States of America, The Land of The Free, and join our Army, our Air Force, our Navy, and our Marine Core. Talk about one great nation. Think of all the farm hands, all the people striving to make a living by helping in anyway they can.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When it comes time to make a decision, I hope that you consider these factors. And see how great of a nation we may become with these immigrants that just want a chance.

Vampire Academy Chapter 3

THREE SENDING US STRAIGHT TO CLASS after our meeting seemed beyond cruel, but that's exactly what Kirova did. Lissa was led away, and I watched her go, glad the bond would allow me to keep reading her emotional temperature. They actually sent me to one of the guidance counselors first. He was an ancient Moroi guy, one I remembered from before I'd left. I honestly couldn't believe he was still around. The guy was so freaking old, he should have retired. Or died. The visit took all of five minutes. He said nothing about my return and asked a few questions about what classes I'd taken in Chicago and Portland. He compared those against my old file and hastily scrawled out a new schedule. I took it sullenly and headed out to my first class. 1st Period Advanced Guardian Combat Techniques 2nd Period Bodyguard Theory and Personal Protection 3 3rd Period Weight Training and Conditioning 4th Period Senior Language Arts (Novices) -Lunch – 5th Period Animal Behavior and Physiology 6th Period Pre-calculus 7th Period Moroi Culture 4 8th Period Slavic Art Ugh. I'd forgotten how long the Academy's school day was. Novices and Moroi took separate classes during the first half of the day, which meant I wouldn't see Lissa until after lunch – if we had any afternoon classes together. Most of them were standard senior classes, so I felt my odds were pretty good. Slavic art struck me as the kind of elective no one signed up for, so hopefully they'd stuck her in there too. Dimitri and Alberta escorted me to the guardians' gym for first period, neither one acknowledging my existence. Walking behind them, I saw how Alberta wore her hair in a short, pixie cut that showed her promise mark and molnija marks. A lot of female guardians did this. It didn't matter so much for me now, since my neck had no tattoos yet, but I didn't want to ever cut my hair. She and Dimitri didn't say anything and walked along almost like it was any other day. When we arrived, the reactions of my peers indicated it was anything but. They were in the middle of setting up when we entered the gym, and just like in the commons, all eyes fell on me. I couldn't decide if I felt like a rock star or a circus freak. All right, then. If I was going to be stuck here for a while, I wasn't going to act afraid of them all anymore. Lissa and I had once held this school's respect, and it was time to remind everyone of that. Scanning the staring, openmouthed novices, I looked for a familiar face. Most of them were guys. One caught my eye, and I could barely hold back my grin. â€Å"Hey Mason, wipe the drool off your face. If you're going to think about me naked, do it on your own time.† A few snorts and snickers broke the awed silence, and Mason Ashford snapped out of his haze, giving me a lopsided smile. With red hair that stuck up everywhere and a smattering of freckles, he was nice-looking, though not exactly hot. He was also one of the funniest guys I knew. We'd been good friends back in the day. â€Å"This is my time, Hathaway. I'm leading today's session.† â€Å"Oh yeah?† I retorted. â€Å"Huh. Well, I guess this is a good time to think about me naked, then.† â€Å"It's always a good a time to think about you naked,† added someone nearby, breaking the tension further. Eddie Castile. Another friend of mine. Dimitri shook his head and walked off, muttering something in Russian that didn't sound complimentary. But as for me? ­well, just like that, I was one of the novices again. They were an easygoing bunch, less focused on pedigree and politics than the Moroi students. The class engulfed me, and I found myself laughing and seeing those I'd nearly forgotten about. Everyone wanted to know where we'd been; apparently Lissa and I had become legends. I couldn't tell them why we'd left, of course, so I offered up a lot of taunts and wouldn't-you-like-to-knows that served just as well. The happy reunion lasted a few more minutes before the adult guardian who oversaw the training came over and scolded Mason for neglecting his duties. Still grinning, he barked out orders to everyone, explaining what exercises to start with. Uneasily I realized I didn't know most of them. â€Å"Come on, Hathaway,† he said, taking my arm. â€Å"You can be my partner. Let's see what you've been doing all this time.† An hour later, he had his answer. â€Å"Not practicing, huh?† â€Å"Ow,† I groaned, momentarily incapable of normal speech. He extended a hand and helped me up from the mat he'd knocked me down on – about fifty times. â€Å"I hate you,† I told him, rubbing a spot on my thigh that was going to have a wicked bruise tomorrow. â€Å"You'd hate me more if I held back.† â€Å"Yeah, that's true,† I agreed, staggering along as the class put the equipment back. â€Å"You actually did okay.† â€Å"What? I just had my ass handed to me.† â€Å"Well, of course you did. It's been two years. But hey, you're still walking. That's something.† He grinned mockingly. â€Å"Did I mention I hate you?† He flashed me another smile, which quickly faded to something more serious. â€Å"Don't take this the wrong way? ­I mean, you really are a scrapper, but there's no way you'll be able to take your trials in the spring – â€Å" â€Å"They're making me take extra practice sessions,† I explained. Not that it mattered. I planned on getting Lissa and me out of here before these practices really became an issue. â€Å"I'll be ready.† â€Å"Extra sessions with who?† â€Å"That tall guy. Dimitri.† Mason stopped walking and stared at me. â€Å"You're putting in extra time with Belikov?† â€Å"Yeah, so what?† â€Å"So the man is a god.† â€Å"Exaggerate much?† I asked. â€Å"No, I'm serious. I mean, he's all quiet and antisocial usually, but when he fights? ­wow. If you think you're hurting now, you're going to be dead when he's done with you.† Great. Something else to improve my day. I elbowed him and went on to second period. That class covered the essentials of being a bodyguard and was required for all seniors. Actually, it was the third in a series that had started junior year. That meant I was behind in this class too, but I hoped protecting Lissa in the real world had given me some insight. Our instructor was Stan Alto, whom we referred to simply as â€Å"Stan† behind his back and â€Å"Guardian Alto† in formal settings. He was a little older than Dimitri, but not nearly as tall, and he always looked pissed off. Today, that look intensified when he walked into the classroom and saw me sitting there. His eyes widened in mock surprise as he circled the room and came to stand beside my desk. â€Å"What's this? No one told me we had a guest speaker here today. Rose Hathaway. What a privilege! How very generous of you to take time out of your busy schedule and share your knowledge with us.† I felt my cheeks burning, but in a great show of self-control, I stopped myself from telling him to fuck off. I'm pretty sure my face must have delivered that message, however, because his sneer increased. He gestured for me to stand up. â€Å"Well, come on, come on. Don't sit there! Come up to the front so you can help me lecture the class.† I sank into my seat. â€Å"You don't really mean – â€Å" The taunting smile dried up. â€Å"I mean exactly what I say, Hathaway. Go to the front of the class.† A thick silence enveloped the room. Stan was a scary instructor, and most of the class was too awed to laugh at my disgrace quite yet. Refusing to crack, I strode up to the front of the room and turned to face the class. I gave them a bold look and tossed my hair over my shoulders, earning a few sympathetic smiles from my friends. I then noticed I had a larger audience than expected. A few guardians – including Dimitri – lingered in the back of the room. Outside the Academy, guardians focused on one-on-one protection. Here, guardians had a lot more people to protect and they had to train the novices. So rather than follow any one person around, they worked shifts guarding the school as a whole and monitoring classes. â€Å"So, Hathaway,† said Stan cheerfully, strolling back up to the front with me. â€Å"Enlighten us about your protective techniques.† â€Å"My? ­techniques?† â€Å"Of course. Because presumably you must have had some sort of plan the rest of us couldn't understand when you took an underage Moroi royal out of the Academy and exposed her to constant Strigoi threats.† It was the Kirova lecture all over again, except with more witnesses. â€Å"We never ran into any Strigoi,† I replied stiffly. â€Å"Obviously,† he said with a snicker. â€Å"I already figured that out, seeing as how you're still alive.† I wanted to shout that maybe I could have defeated a Strigoi, but after getting beat up in the last class, I now suspected I couldn't have survived an attack by Mason, let alone an actual Strigoi. When I didn't say anything, Stan started pacing in front of the class. â€Å"So what'd you do? How'd you make sure she stayed safe? Did you avoid going out at night?† â€Å"Sometimes.† That was true – especially when we'd first run away. We'd relaxed a little after months went by with no attacks. â€Å"Sometimes,† he repeated in a high-pitched voice, making my answer sound incredibly stupid. â€Å"Well then, I suppose you slept during the day and stayed on guard at night.† â€Å"Er? ­no.† â€Å"No? But that's one of the first things mentioned in the chapter on solo guarding. Oh wait, you wouldn't know that because you weren't here.† I swallowed back more swear words. â€Å"I watched the area whenever we went out,† I said, needing to defend myself. â€Å"Oh? Well that's something. Did you use Carnegie's Quadrant Surveillance Method or the Rotational Survey?† I didn't say anything. â€Å"Ah. I'm guessing you used the Hathaway Glance-Around-When-You-Remember-To Method.† â€Å"No!† I exclaimed angrily. â€Å"That's not true. I watched her. She's still alive, isn't she?† He walked back up to me and leaned toward my face. â€Å"Because you got lucky.† â€Å"Strigoi aren't lurking around every corner out there,† I shot back. â€Å"It's not like what we've been taught. It's safer than you guys make it sound.† â€Å"Safer? Safer? We are at war with the Strigoi!† he yelled. I could smell coffee on his breath, he was so close. â€Å"One of them could walk right up to you and snap your pretty little neck before you even noticed him – and he'd barely break a sweat doing it. You might have more speed and strength than a Moroi or a human, but you are nothing, nothing, compared to a Strigoi. They are deadly, and they are powerful. And do you know what makes them more powerful?† No way was I going to let this jerk make me cry. Looking away from him, I tried to focus on something else. My eyes rested on Dimitri and the other guardians. They were watching my humiliation, stone-faced. â€Å"Moroi blood,† I whispered. â€Å"What was that?† asked Stan loudly. â€Å"I didn't catch it.† I spun back around to face him. â€Å"Moroi blood! Moroi blood makes them stronger.† He nodded in satisfaction and took a few steps back. â€Å"Yes. It does. It makes them stronger and harder to destroy. They'll kill and drink from a human or dhampir, but they want Moroi blood more than anything else. They seek it. They've turned to the dark side to gain immortality, and they want to do whatever they can to keep that immortality. Desperate Strigoi have attacked Moroi in public. Groups of Strigoi have raided academies exactly like this one. There are Strigoi who have lived for thousands of years and fed off generations of Moroi. They're almost impossible to kill. And that is why Moroi numbers are dropping. They aren't strong enough – even with guardians – to protect themselves. Some Moroi don't even see the point of running anymore and are simply turning Strigoi by choice. And as the Moroi disappear? ­Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"? ­so do the dhampirs,† I finished. â€Å"Well,† he said, licking sprayed spit off his lips. â€Å"It looks like you learned something after all. Now we'll have to see if you can learn enough to pass this class and qualify for your field experience next semester.† Ouch. I spent the rest of that horrible class – in my seat, thankfully – replaying those last words in my mind. The senior-year field experience was the best part of a novice's education. We'd have no classes for half a semester. Instead, we'd each be assigned a Moroi student to guard and follow around. The adult guardians would monitor us and test us with staged attacks and other threats. How a novice passed that field experience was almost as important as all the rest of her grades combined. It could influence which Moroi she got assigned to after graduation. And me? There was only one Moroi I wanted. Two classes later, I finally earned my lunch escape. As I stumbled across campus toward the commons, Dimitri fell into step beside me, not looking particularly godlike – unless you counted his godly good looks. â€Å"I suppose you saw what happened in Stan's class?† I asked, not bothering with titles. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And you don't think that was unfair?† â€Å"Was he right? Do you think you were fully prepared to protect Vasilisa?† I looked down at the ground. â€Å"I kept her alive,† I mumbled. â€Å"How did you do fighting against your classmates today?† The question was mean. I didn't answer and knew I didn't need to. I'd had another training class after Stan's, and no doubt Dimitri had watched me get beat up there too. â€Å"If you can't fight them – â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, yeah, I know,† I snapped. He slowed his long stride to match my pain-filled one. â€Å"You're strong and fast by nature. You just need to keep yourself trained. Didn't you play any sports while you were gone?† â€Å"Sure,† I shrugged. â€Å"Now and then.† â€Å"You didn't join any teams?† â€Å"Too much work. If I'd wanted to practice that much, I'd have stayed here.† He gave me an exasperated look. â€Å"You'll never be able to really protect the princess if you don't hone your skills. You'll always be lacking.† â€Å"I'll be able to protect her,† I said fiercely. â€Å"You have no guarantees of being assigned to her, you know – for your field experience or after you graduate.† Dimitri's voice was low and unapologetic. They hadn't given me a warm and fuzzy mentor. â€Å"No one wants to waste the bond – but no one's going to give her an inadequate guardian either. If you want to be with her, then you need to work for it. You have your lessons. You have me. Use us or don't. You're an ideal choice to guard Vasilisa when you both graduate – if you can prove you're worthy. I hope you will.† â€Å"Lissa, call her Lissa,† I corrected. She hated her full name, much preferring the Americanized nickname. He walked away, and suddenly, I didn't feel like such a badass anymore. By now, I'd burned up a lot of time leaving class. Most everyone else had long since sprinted inside the commons for lunch, eager to maximize their social time. I'd almost made it back there myself when a voice under the door's overhang called to me. â€Å"Rose?† Peering in the voice's direction, I caught sight of Victor Dashkov, his kind face smiling at me as he leaned on a cane near the building's wall. His two guardians stood nearby at a polite distance. â€Å"Mr. Dash-er, Your Highness. Hi.† I caught myself just in time, having nearly forgotten Moroi royal terms. I hadn't used them while living among humans. The Moroi chose their rulers from among twelve royal families. The eldest in the family got the title of â€Å"prince† or â€Å"princess.† Lissa had gotten hers because she was the only one left in her line. â€Å"How was your first day?† he asked. â€Å"Not over yet.† I tried to think of something conversational. â€Å"Are you visiting here for a while?† â€Å"I'll be leaving this afternoon after I say hello to Natalie. When I heard Vasilisa – and you – had returned, I simply had to come see you.† I nodded, not sure what else to say. He was more Lissa's friend than mine. â€Å"I wanted to tell you? ­Ã¢â‚¬  He spoke hesitantly. â€Å"I understand the gravity of what you did, but I think Headmistress Kirova failed to acknowledge something. You did keep Vasilisa safe all this time. That is impressive.† â€Å"Well, it's not like I faced down Strigoi or anything,† I said. â€Å"But you faced down some things?† â€Å"Sure. The school sent psi-hounds once.† â€Å"Remarkable.† â€Å"Not really. Avoiding them was pretty easy.† He laughed. â€Å"I've hunted with them before. They aren't that easy to evade, not with their powers and intelligence.† It was true. Psi-hounds were one of many types of magical creatures that wandered the world, creatures that humans never knew about or else didn't believe they'd really seen. The hounds traveled in packs and shared a sort of psychic communication that made them particularly deadly to their prey – as did the fact that they resembled mutant wolves. â€Å"Did you face anything else?† I shrugged. â€Å"Little things here and there.† â€Å"Remarkable,† he repeated. â€Å"Lucky, I think. It turns out I'm really behind in all this guardian stuff.† I sounded just like Stan now. â€Å"You're a smart girl. You'll catch up. And you also have your bond.† I looked away. My ability to â€Å"feel† Lissa had been such a secret for so long, it felt weird to have others know about it. â€Å"The histories are full of stories of guardians who could feel when their charges were in danger,† Victor continued. â€Å"I've made a hobby of studying up on it and some of the ancient ways. I've heard it's a tremendous asset.† â€Å"I guess.† I shrugged. What a boring hobby, I thought, imagining him poring over prehistoric histories in some dank library covered in spiderwebs. Victor tilted his head, curiosity all over his face. Kirova and the others had had the same look when we'd mentioned our connection, like we were lab rats. â€Å"What is it like – if you don't mind me asking?† â€Å"It's? ­I don't know. I just sort of always have this hum of how she feels. Usually it's just emotions. We can't send messages or anything.† I didn't tell him about slipping into her head. That part of it was hard even for me to understand. â€Å"But it doesn't work the other way? She doesn't sense you?† I shook my head. His face shone with wonder. â€Å"How did it happen?† â€Å"I don't know,† I said, still glancing away. â€Å"Just started two years ago.† He frowned. â€Å"Near the time of the accident?† Hesitantly, I nodded. The accident was not something I wanted to talk about, that was for sure. Lissa's memories were bad enough without my own mixing into them. Twisted metal. A sensation of hot, then cold, then hot again. Lissa screaming over me, screaming for me to wake up, screaming for her parents and her brother to wake up. None of them had, only me. And the doctors said that was a miracle in itself. They said I shouldn't have survived. Apparently sensing my discomfort, Victor let the moment go and returned to his earlier excitement. â€Å"I can still barely believe this. It's been so long since this has happened. If it did happen more often? ­just think what it could do for the safety of all Moroi. If only others could experience this too. I'll have to do more research and see if we can replicate it with others.† â€Å"Yeah.† I was getting impatient, despite how much I liked him. Natalie rambled a lot, and it was pretty clear which parent she'd inherited that quality from. Lunch was ticking down, and although Moroi and novices shared afternoon classes, Lissa and I wouldn't have much time to talk. â€Å"Perhaps we could – † He started coughing, a great, seizing fit that made his whole body shake. His disease, Sandovsky's Syndrome, took the lungs down with it while dragging the body toward death. I cast an anxious look at his guardians, and one of them stepped forward. â€Å"Your Highness,† he said politely, â€Å"you need to go inside. It's too cold out here.† Victor nodded. â€Å"Yes, yes. And I'm sure Rose here wants to eat.† He turned to me. â€Å"Thank you for speaking to me. I can't emphasize how much it means to me that Vasilisa is safe – and that you helped with that. I'd promised her father I'd look after her if anything happened to him, and I felt like quite the failure when you left.† A sinking sensation filled my stomach as I imagined him wracked with guilt and worry over our disappearance. Until now, I hadn't really thought about how others might have felt about us leaving. We made our goodbyes, and I finally arrived inside the school. As I did, I felt Lissa's anxiety spike. Ignoring the pain in my legs, I picked up my pace into the commons. And nearly ran right into her. She didn't see me, though. Neither did the people standing with her: Aaron and that little doll girl. I stopped and listened, just catching the end of the conversation. The girl leaned toward Lissa, who seemed more stunned than anything else. â€Å"It looks to me like it came from a garage sale. I thought a precious Dragomir would have standards.† Scorn dripped off the word Dragomir. Grabbing Doll Girl by the shoulder, I jerked her away. She was so light, she stumbled three feet and nearly fell. â€Å"She does have standards,† I said, â€Å"which is why you're done talking to her.†

Mental Illness

The social construction of mental illness Key Words * Career: The gradual change in people as a response to a label e. g. mental patient. * Learned Helplessness: learning how to be dependent. * Life-course model: suggests that the accumulation of social events experienced over a whole lifetime, not just individual important events, influence people and their mental state. * Presenting culture: a term used by Goffman to refer to how people like to portray themselves to others. * Schizophrenia: a form of mental illness where people are unable to distinguish their own feelings and perceptions from reality. Self-Fulfilling prophecy: predictions about the behaviour of social groups that come true as a result of positive or negative labelling. * Social Capital: refers to a network of social contacts. * Social constructionism: the approach which suggests that mental illness exists because people believe that it does. * Social realism: a sociological approach which suggests that mental illne ss does really exist. Summary Mental illness is the less fortunate twin to physical illness. The NHS is not funding enough support for mental health patients and the attention paid to it is minimal.Mental health is a major problem in society with one in seven people claiming to have had mental health problems at some point in their lives. Social Trends 2007 (Self and Zealey 2007) said that about one in six British people aged 16 to 74 reported experiencing a neurotic disorder in the seven days before a national survey on mental health. When looking at which group is most likely to suffer from high rates of mental illness, the poorest and most excluded are majorly overrepresented. Defining mental illness Social Realism: A general term used to describe the approaches of sociologists who accept that there are distinctive sets of abnormal behaviour that cause distress to individuals and those around them. * Pilgrim and Rogers (1999) accept that, at different times and in different cultu res, there are variations in what is considered as mental illness. * Although mental illness may have different names and sometimes not be recognized, it does actually exist as a real condition. * Similar to the bio-medical approach which believes that symptoms can be scientifically diagnosed and categorized.They see treatment as allopathic (cure orientated through the use of drugs, shock treatment and surgery etc. * They recommend that sufferers be isolated from wider society. Social constructionism: * Have been very influential in sociological approaches to mental illness and start from the argument that what is considered as normal varies over time and from society to society. * Greater extremes of behaviour have been seen as normal in some societies and symptoms of madness in others. Labelling perspective: Labelling theory examines how the labelling of mental illness occurs in the first place and what effects it has on those who are labelled. * Thomas Szasz (1973) argues that th e label ‘mental illness’ is simply a convenient way to deal with behaviour that people find disruptive. He is particularly critical of psychiatrists for diagnosing children with ADHD and calling it a disease. He says that giving a child a drug for a mythical disease is a form of physical child abuse because the child has no say in the matter. Labelling theory therefore rests firmly upon a social constructionist definition of mental illness. The effects of labelling * Scheff (1966) said that whether someone becomes labelled or not is determined by the benefits those others might gain by labelling the person ‘mentally ill’. So, those who become a nuisance are far more likely to become diagnosed as mentally ill as someone who causes no problems. * Once labelled, there are a number of negative consequences for the person because it is then assumed that all their behaviour is evidence of their mental state. Erving Goffman (1961) followed the careers of people wh o were genuinely defined as being mentally ill. He suggested that once in an institution people are stripped of their presenting culture. Criticisms of the labelling perspective * Gove (1982) suggests that the vast majority of people who receive treatment for mental illness actually have serious problems before they are treated so the argument that the labels cause the problems is wrong. It may explain the responses of others to the mentally ill, but cannot explain the causes of the illness.Foucault’s perspective on mental illness: * He explains the growth in the concept of mental illness by placing it in the context if the changing ways of thinking and acting which developed in the early 18th century. * During the enlightenment more traditional ways of thinking were gradually replaced by more rational and disciplined ways of thinking. He argues that as rationality developed into the normal way of thinking, irrationality became to be perceived as deviant. * Having mad people in asylums isolated mad people away from the majority of the population.They symbolized the fact that madness or irrationality was marked out as behaviour that is no longer acceptable. Structuralist perspectives on mental illness: * Virde (1977) explained the fact that some ethnic minorities are more likely to develop mental health problems by arguing that the sorts of pressures and stresses that can cause people to develop mental illness are more often experienced by people in an ethnic minority. * Nazroo is critical of this approach. He points out that people of the Bangladeshi origin who are victims of racism have lower levels of mental illness than the general population.He concludes that mental illness cannot just be caused by racism and deprivation. * Brown et al (1995) explained that women are more likely to lead stressful lives because they have the dial burden and triple shift. * Labelling theorists (Chelser 1972), say that women are more likely to be seen as mentally ill b ecause the defining of illness is mainly done by males. * Link and Phelan (1995) reviewed all the evidence and concluded that research pointed out a relationship between low levels of deprivation and mental illness.Social capital (Putnam 2000) argued that people who have extensive and strong levels of social networks are more likely to be ‘happier’ than those who don’t. Check Your Understanding: 1) The two sociological approaches to explaining mental illness are social realist and social constructionist. 2) Social realist bases itself on the idea that there are distinctive sets of abnormal behaviour that should be treated; they are very similar to the bio-medical approach.Social constructionist believes that definitions of mental illness can vary over time and in different cultures. 3) Labelling helps us understand that some people may live up to the label they have been given and can strip mental health patients of any self-dignity as they have no say in what ha ppens to them as they have been given the label of someone who is mad. 4) A structural explanation is closely tied to the social realist definition of mental illness; they accept the reality of mental illness and set out to discover what social factors help cause them. ) Busfield says that it is true that some groups are more likely to find their behaviour defined as mental illness, compared to the behaviour of other groups however al of those groups experience higher levels of stress so mental illness would be higher. 6) They are more likely to show cultural characterises that are not seen as normal in a wider society. 7) They use the idea that women have more responsibilities than men and that the defining of mental illness tends to be dominated by male health professionals. Mental Illness The social construction of mental illness Key Words * Career: The gradual change in people as a response to a label e. g. mental patient. * Learned Helplessness: learning how to be dependent. * Life-course model: suggests that the accumulation of social events experienced over a whole lifetime, not just individual important events, influence people and their mental state. * Presenting culture: a term used by Goffman to refer to how people like to portray themselves to others. * Schizophrenia: a form of mental illness where people are unable to distinguish their own feelings and perceptions from reality. Self-Fulfilling prophecy: predictions about the behaviour of social groups that come true as a result of positive or negative labelling. * Social Capital: refers to a network of social contacts. * Social constructionism: the approach which suggests that mental illness exists because people believe that it does. * Social realism: a sociological approach which suggests that mental illne ss does really exist. Summary Mental illness is the less fortunate twin to physical illness. The NHS is not funding enough support for mental health patients and the attention paid to it is minimal.Mental health is a major problem in society with one in seven people claiming to have had mental health problems at some point in their lives. Social Trends 2007 (Self and Zealey 2007) said that about one in six British people aged 16 to 74 reported experiencing a neurotic disorder in the seven days before a national survey on mental health. When looking at which group is most likely to suffer from high rates of mental illness, the poorest and most excluded are majorly overrepresented. Defining mental illness Social Realism: A general term used to describe the approaches of sociologists who accept that there are distinctive sets of abnormal behaviour that cause distress to individuals and those around them. * Pilgrim and Rogers (1999) accept that, at different times and in different cultu res, there are variations in what is considered as mental illness. * Although mental illness may have different names and sometimes not be recognized, it does actually exist as a real condition. * Similar to the bio-medical approach which believes that symptoms can be scientifically diagnosed and categorized.They see treatment as allopathic (cure orientated through the use of drugs, shock treatment and surgery etc. * They recommend that sufferers be isolated from wider society. Social constructionism: * Have been very influential in sociological approaches to mental illness and start from the argument that what is considered as normal varies over time and from society to society. * Greater extremes of behaviour have been seen as normal in some societies and symptoms of madness in others. Labelling perspective: Labelling theory examines how the labelling of mental illness occurs in the first place and what effects it has on those who are labelled. * Thomas Szasz (1973) argues that th e label ‘mental illness’ is simply a convenient way to deal with behaviour that people find disruptive. He is particularly critical of psychiatrists for diagnosing children with ADHD and calling it a disease. He says that giving a child a drug for a mythical disease is a form of physical child abuse because the child has no say in the matter. Labelling theory therefore rests firmly upon a social constructionist definition of mental illness. The effects of labelling * Scheff (1966) said that whether someone becomes labelled or not is determined by the benefits those others might gain by labelling the person ‘mentally ill’. So, those who become a nuisance are far more likely to become diagnosed as mentally ill as someone who causes no problems. * Once labelled, there are a number of negative consequences for the person because it is then assumed that all their behaviour is evidence of their mental state. Erving Goffman (1961) followed the careers of people wh o were genuinely defined as being mentally ill. He suggested that once in an institution people are stripped of their presenting culture. Criticisms of the labelling perspective * Gove (1982) suggests that the vast majority of people who receive treatment for mental illness actually have serious problems before they are treated so the argument that the labels cause the problems is wrong. It may explain the responses of others to the mentally ill, but cannot explain the causes of the illness.Foucault’s perspective on mental illness: * He explains the growth in the concept of mental illness by placing it in the context if the changing ways of thinking and acting which developed in the early 18th century. * During the enlightenment more traditional ways of thinking were gradually replaced by more rational and disciplined ways of thinking. He argues that as rationality developed into the normal way of thinking, irrationality became to be perceived as deviant. * Having mad people in asylums isolated mad people away from the majority of the population.They symbolized the fact that madness or irrationality was marked out as behaviour that is no longer acceptable. Structuralist perspectives on mental illness: * Virde (1977) explained the fact that some ethnic minorities are more likely to develop mental health problems by arguing that the sorts of pressures and stresses that can cause people to develop mental illness are more often experienced by people in an ethnic minority. * Nazroo is critical of this approach. He points out that people of the Bangladeshi origin who are victims of racism have lower levels of mental illness than the general population.He concludes that mental illness cannot just be caused by racism and deprivation. * Brown et al (1995) explained that women are more likely to lead stressful lives because they have the dial burden and triple shift. * Labelling theorists (Chelser 1972), say that women are more likely to be seen as mentally ill b ecause the defining of illness is mainly done by males. * Link and Phelan (1995) reviewed all the evidence and concluded that research pointed out a relationship between low levels of deprivation and mental illness.Social capital (Putnam 2000) argued that people who have extensive and strong levels of social networks are more likely to be ‘happier’ than those who don’t. Check Your Understanding: 1) The two sociological approaches to explaining mental illness are social realist and social constructionist. 2) Social realist bases itself on the idea that there are distinctive sets of abnormal behaviour that should be treated; they are very similar to the bio-medical approach.Social constructionist believes that definitions of mental illness can vary over time and in different cultures. 3) Labelling helps us understand that some people may live up to the label they have been given and can strip mental health patients of any self-dignity as they have no say in what ha ppens to them as they have been given the label of someone who is mad. 4) A structural explanation is closely tied to the social realist definition of mental illness; they accept the reality of mental illness and set out to discover what social factors help cause them. ) Busfield says that it is true that some groups are more likely to find their behaviour defined as mental illness, compared to the behaviour of other groups however al of those groups experience higher levels of stress so mental illness would be higher. 6) They are more likely to show cultural characterises that are not seen as normal in a wider society. 7) They use the idea that women have more responsibilities than men and that the defining of mental illness tends to be dominated by male health professionals.